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Related Concept Videos

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

High-throughput Purification of Affinity-tagged Recombinant Proteins
07:44

High-throughput Purification of Affinity-tagged Recombinant Proteins

Published on: August 26, 2012

Controlled interplay between trigger loop and Gre factor in the RNA polymerase active centre.

Mohammad Roghanian1, Yulia Yuzenkova, Nikolay Zenkin

  • 1Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.

Nucleic Acids Research
|January 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Transcription factor Gre replaces the trigger loop in RNA polymerase active sites during backtracking, enhancing RNA hydrolysis for error correction. This mechanism ensures efficient proofreading without impeding transcription elongation.

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Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
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Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Published on: May 13, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

High-throughput Purification of Affinity-tagged Recombinant Proteins
07:44

High-throughput Purification of Affinity-tagged Recombinant Proteins

Published on: August 26, 2012

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
10:59

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Published on: May 13, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • RNA polymerases (RNAP) are crucial for transcription, but can stall due to misincorporation or backtracking.
  • These events can lead to stalled transcription or the production of erroneous RNA transcripts.
  • Hydrolysis of the RNA transcript is a known mechanism to resolve these issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the trigger loop (TL) and transcription factor Gre in resolving RNAP backtracking and misincorporation events.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which RNAP corrects errors during transcription.

Main Methods:

  • The study likely involved biochemical assays and structural analyses to observe the interactions between RNAP, the trigger loop, and transcription factor Gre.
  • Investigated the hydrolytic activity of the RNAP active center under different conditions (normal elongation vs. backtracking).

Main Results:

  • The trigger loop (TL) in the RNAP active center is substituted by the transcription factor Gre when misincorporation or backtracking occurs.
  • This substitution switches off the intrinsic TL-dependent RNA hydrolysis and activates a more efficient Gre-dependent hydrolysis.
  • Gre factor replacement specifically occurs in stalled/backtracked complexes, not during normal elongation.

Conclusions:

  • This controlled switching mechanism ensures efficient proofreading and resolution of backtracked complexes.
  • The process allows RNAP to maintain high processivity during elongation while effectively correcting errors.
  • The Gre factor acts as a crucial component in the RNAP fidelity and error-correction machinery.