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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates
Published on: May 30, 2017
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Vibrio cholerae clinically isolated in Surabaya, Indonesia
Tomoyuki Nishibori1, Garry Cores de Vries, Dadik Rahardjo
1Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
Abstract:
The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 6 clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated in Surabaya, Indonesia in 2009 were examined. The DNA fingerprints obtained suggested that these isolates were not from a single clone. Furthermore, all isolates produced cholera toxin and possessed the classical type of toxin B subunit gene, thus meaning that this is the first report of the occurrence of El Tor variants of V. cholerae in Indonesia. Although all isolates were sensitive to almost all antibiotics tested, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, streptomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline, and had no mutation in the gyrA and parC genes, they nevertheless possessed the class 1 integron that is a molecular vehicle for the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes, suggesting that they have the potential to acquire the genetic element for drug resistance.
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