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Menopause

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle. At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Estrogen replacement therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis.

J G Roberts, C E Webber, C A Woolever

Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien

|January 27, 2011

Summary

Estrogen/progestogen replacement therapy effectively prevents and treats postmenopausal osteoporosis. This hormone therapy is not linked to endometrial cancer, offering a safe option for bone health.

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Gerontology
Gynecology

Background:

Postmenopausal women experience accelerated bone mass loss due to decreased estrogen.
Osteoporosis is a significant health concern in this demographic.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the scientific literature on therapeutic interventions for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of estrogen/progestogen replacement therapy.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive review of health-care literature.
Analysis of studies focusing on osteoporosis treatment in postmenopausal women.

Main Results:

Strong evidence supports estrogen/progestogen replacement therapy for osteoporosis prevention and treatment.

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Published on: June 7, 2012

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Published on: June 7, 2012

The reviewed literature indicated no association between this hormone therapy and endometrial carcinoma.

Conclusions:

Estrogen/progestogen replacement therapy is a well-supported intervention for managing postmenopausal osteoporosis.
This therapeutic approach appears safe concerning endometrial cancer risk.