Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective.
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant factor...

Effects of feedback

Effects of feedback

Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...

Feedback Inhibition

Feedback Inhibition

Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!

Social Facilitation

Social Facilitation

Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Effects of gender stereotype threat targeting the "Group" versus the "Self" on motor performance and learning in female futsal players with high sport identification.

Psychology of sport and exercise·2026

Same author

Benefits of Relatedness Support for Motor Learning in Older Adults.

Research quarterly for exercise and sport·2025

Same author

Conceptions of Ability Positive Feedback Affect the Learning of a Sport Motor Skill in Children of Different Ages.

Research quarterly for exercise and sport·2025

Same author

Multiple Gender Stereotype Threats in Motor Performance and Learning.

Research quarterly for exercise and sport·2025

Same author

A clinical examination of OPTIMAL theory application in people with multiple sclerosis: a proof-of-concept study and implications for rehabilitation practice.

International journal of rehabilitation research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue internationale de recherches de readaptation·2024

Same author

Golf skill learning: An external focus of attention enhances performance and motivation.

Psychology of sport and exercise·2023

Same journal

A One-Year Longitudinal Impact Tracking Study of Participation in Physical Education on Academic Achievements of Chinese High School Students From the Perspective of Development Trajectory Visualization.

Research quarterly for exercise and sport·2026

Same journal

Perceived, but Not Neuromuscular, Fatigue Demonstrated After Doubles Pickleball Competitions.

Research quarterly for exercise and sport·2026

Same journal

In- and Out-of-Possession Running and Technical-Tactical Performance in Soccer.

Research quarterly for exercise and sport·2026

Same journal

Effect of Visual Illusion on Motor Skills Learning in Boys With Developmental Coordination Disorder: A School-Based Randomized Controlled Trial.

Research quarterly for exercise and sport·2026

Same journal

Challenge Under Pressure Contextual Interference or Differential Learning.

Research quarterly for exercise and sport·2026

Same journal

Examining Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Youth Attitudes Toward Physical Activity and Physical Education.

Research quarterly for exercise and sport·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

Published on: March 16, 2015

Normative feedback effects on learning a timing task.

Gabriele Wulf¹, Suzete Chiviacowsky, Rebecca Lewthwaite

¹Department of Kinesiology, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 89154-3034, USA. gabriele.wulf@unlv.edu

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

|January 28, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study explored how feedback about a peer group

More Related Videos

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

Published on: November 9, 2018

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

Published on: May 3, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

Published on: March 16, 2015

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

Published on: November 9, 2018

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

Published on: May 3, 2018

Area of Science:

Motor Learning
Cognitive Psychology
Social Psychology

Background:

Motor skill acquisition is influenced by various feedback types.
Normative feedback, comparing an individual's performance to a reference group, may impact learning effectiveness.
Understanding motivational influences is key to optimizing motor skill development.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effect of normative feedback on sequential timing task learning.
To determine if perceived performance relative to a peer group influences motor skill acquisition.
To explore the role of motivational factors in motor learning.

Main Methods:

Participants performed a sequential timing task.
Two groups received trial-by-trial performance feedback and bogus normative feedback (better or worse than average).
Motor learning was assessed via a transfer test requiring novel movement times.

Main Results:

The group receiving 'better' normative feedback showed more effective learning on the transfer test.
The 'worse' normative feedback group demonstrated less effective learning.
Performance on novel timing tasks was significantly influenced by the type of normative feedback received.

Conclusions:

Normative feedback significantly influences motor skill learning.
Positive social comparison (perceiving oneself as better than average) enhances motor learning.
Motivational factors, such as social comparison, play a crucial role in motor skill acquisition.