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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
Uterine Tubes01:16

Uterine Tubes

The uterine or fallopian tubes function as the conduit through which oocytes travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Each fallopian tube measures approximately 10 to 13 cm long and is anatomically divided into the infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and interstitial part (or intramural segment). The infundibulum is characterized by its funnel shape and features extensions called fimbriae which reach towards the peritoneal cavity. These fimbriae play a critical role during ovulation as they extend...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Histology of the Uterus01:19

Histology of the Uterus

The uterine wall consists of three histological layers: the perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium. The outermost perimetrium is a thin, serous membrane connected with the broad ligament on the sides, which helps anchor the uterus in the pelvic cavity. The thickest layer, myometrium, is mainly made up of smooth muscle tissue bundles. Its contractions are vital in facilitating the expulsion of the uterine lining, fetus, and placenta during menstruation and childbirth.
The endometrium is the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Improved Hysteroscopic Resection of Endometrial Polyps Using 6-Fr Micro-Scissors and Forceps
03:01

Improved Hysteroscopic Resection of Endometrial Polyps Using 6-Fr Micro-Scissors and Forceps

Published on: August 2, 2024

Endometrial polyps affect uterine receptivity.

Beth W Rackow1, Elisa Jorgensen, Hugh S Taylor

  • 1Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8063, USA. beth.rackow@yale.edu

Fertility and Sterility
|January 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Endometrial polyps significantly reduce HOXA10 and HOXA11 gene expression, crucial for embryo implantation. This molecular change may explain lower pregnancy rates in women with these uterine growths.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Molecular endocrinology
  • Gynecology

Background:

  • Endometrial polyps are common gynecological findings.
  • Their impact on endometrial receptivity is not fully understood at a molecular level.
  • HOXA10 and HOXA11 are key genes regulating the uterine window of implantation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of endometrial polyps on the expression of HOXA10 and HOXA11.
  • To explore a potential molecular mechanism linking polyps to reduced fertility.

Main Methods:

  • Case-control study design.
  • Hysteroscopic identification of endometrial polyps.
  • Quantitative assessment of HOXA10 and HOXA11 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in endometrial tissue.

Main Results:

  • Uteri with endometrial polyps showed significantly decreased HOXA10 mRNA levels.
  • A marked reduction in HOXA11 mRNA levels was observed in the presence of polyps.
  • These molecular changes suggest impaired endometrial receptivity.

Conclusions:

  • Endometrial polyps negatively affect endometrial receptivity by downregulating HOXA10 and HOXA11 expression.
  • This provides a molecular basis for the observed lower pregnancy rates in women with polyps.
  • Targeting these molecular pathways may offer future therapeutic strategies.