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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Published on: January 1, 2018

A germ cell-specific gene, Prmt5, works in somatic cell reprogramming.

Go Nagamatsu¹, Takeo Kosaka, Miyuri Kawasumi

¹Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. gonag@sc.itc.keio.ac.jp

The Journal of Biological Chemistry

|January 29, 2011

Summary

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) hold keys to reprogramming. Factors like Prmt5, crucial for PGC development, can efficiently convert somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells, similar to embryonic stem cells.

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Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Published on: January 1, 2018

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

Area of Science:

Stem cell biology
Developmental biology
Epigenetics

Background:

Germ cells exhibit unique totipotency and can generate pluripotent stem cells.
Genes like Oct3/4, Sox2, and Lin28, active in primordial germ cells (PGCs), are implicated in somatic cell reprogramming.
PGCs may offer insights into factors for efficient somatic cell reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential of PGC development factors in reprogramming somatic cells.
To identify specific factors that can efficiently convert somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells.

Main Methods:

Expression analysis of PGC development factors (Blimp-1, Prdm14, Prmt5).
Introduction of Prmt5, Klf4, and Oct3/4 into mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs).
Assessment of reprogrammed cell pluripotency through gene expression, teratoma formation, and germline transmission in chimeric mice.

Main Results:

Blimp-1, Prdm14, and Prmt5 demonstrate potential for somatic cell reprogramming.
Prmt5, in combination with Klf4 and Oct3/4, achieved remarkable reprogramming of MEFs.
Reprogrammed cells displayed characteristics indistinguishable from embryonic stem cells, including pluripotent gene expression, teratoma formation, and germline transmission.

Conclusions:

Factors essential for germ cell development, such as Prmt5, are active in somatic cell reprogramming.
PGC development factors represent a promising avenue for efficient somatic cell reprogramming strategies.
This study highlights the conserved roles of germ cell factors in developmental plasticity and reprogramming.