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Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Published on: July 3, 2025

Aqueous only route toward graphene from graphite oxide.

Ken-Hsuan Liao¹, Anudha Mittal, Shameek Bose

¹Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.

|January 29, 2011

Summary

A novel, hydrazine-free method yields high-quality single-layer graphene sheets using deionized water. This simple process offers a promising route to producing graphene with electronic properties comparable to other advanced methods.

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Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies

Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies

Published on: November 5, 2015

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Chemistry

Background:

Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms, possesses unique electronic and mechanical properties.
Current methods for graphene production often involve hazardous chemicals or complex procedures.
Developing simpler, safer, and scalable methods for high-quality graphene synthesis is crucial for its widespread application.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a new, straightforward, and high-yield method for synthesizing single-layer graphene sheets.
To demonstrate the efficacy of using deionized water as a reducing agent for graphite oxide.
To characterize the properties of the produced graphene sheets and compare them with existing methods.

Main Methods:

Graphite oxide was reduced using deionized water at 95 °C under atmospheric pressure.
The resulting graphene sheets were analyzed for their layer count and morphology.
Spectroscopic techniques were employed to understand the reduction mechanism and bonding transformations.

Main Results:

The method successfully produced single-layer graphene sheets with over 65% yield.
The average diameter of the synthesized graphene sheets was approximately 300 nm.
The electronic properties of the produced graphene were found to be comparable to those obtained via other reduction methods.

Conclusions:

Dehydration of graphene oxide is proposed as the primary mechanism for reduction and C-C bond transformation.
The formation of oxygen-free sp(2) carbon patches facilitates the creation of graphene with desirable electronic properties.
This simple, hydrazine-free, water-based reduction offers a scalable and environmentally friendly approach to graphene production.