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Related Concept Videos

Candidiasis01:20

Candidiasis

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by opportunistic species of Candida. It can affect various anatomical sites, including the skin, oral cavity, nails, and genitourinary tract. Among its forms, vaginal candidiasis is the most common type of mucosal infection. It typically results from the overgrowth of Candida albicans in the vaginal mucosa. Under normal conditions, C. albicans exists as a commensal organism within the vaginal microbiota, regulated by the dominance of lactobacilli, which...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Fungal Phylum Microsporidia01:28

Fungal Phylum Microsporidia

Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...
Fungal Group Zygomycota01:29

Fungal Group Zygomycota

Zygomycota, previously classified as a distinct fungal group, are primarily terrestrial, saprophytic molds that play a crucial role as decomposers. Recent phylogenetic studies have revealed that these fungi are now divided into two major clades — Mucoromycota, which includes many symbiotic species, and Zoopagomycota, which primarily consists of parasitic and pathogenic fungi. These groups exhibit distinct ecological roles and reproductive strategies while sharing key structural and...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Bio-energetics Investigation of Candida albicans Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis
08:48

Bio-energetics Investigation of Candida albicans Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis

Published on: March 19, 2019

Emerging opportunistic yeast infections.

Marisa H Miceli1, José A Díaz, Samuel A Lee

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Oakwood Hospital and Medical Center, Dearborn, MI, USA.

The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
|January 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Invasive fungal infections caused by rare yeasts are increasing in immunosuppressed patients. Diagnosis and treatment remain challenging, necessitating further research into these opportunistic pathogens.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Mycology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunocompromised Host Research

Background:

  • The rising population of immunosuppressed patients leads to more frequent invasive fungal infections (IFIs).
  • Non-albicans Candida species, such as Candida glabrata and Candida krusei, are increasingly diagnosed and may exhibit azole resistance.
  • Unusual yeasts like Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, and non-neoformans Cryptococci are emerging as significant pathogens in specific patient groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the growing threat of IFIs caused by unusual yeasts in immunocompromised individuals.
  • To discuss the diagnostic challenges and suboptimal treatment outcomes associated with these emerging pathogens.
  • To underscore the importance of host immune status in determining susceptibility to specific IFIs.

Main Methods:

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Bio-energetics Investigation of Candida albicans Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis
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  • Review of current literature on invasive fungal infections caused by uncommon yeasts.
  • Analysis of species prevalence, resistance patterns, and clinical outcomes.
  • Discussion of diagnostic modalities, including traditional cultures and adjunctive serum (1,3)-β-D-glucan testing.

Main Results:

  • Increasing incidence of non-albicans Candida, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, and other rare yeasts causing IFIs.
  • Documented resistance to standard antifungal therapies (e.g., azoles, amphotericin B, echinocandins) in several species.
  • Identification of specific risk factors, including hematological malignancies, advanced HIV infection, and transplantation.

Conclusions:

  • Invasive infections by rare yeasts represent a growing clinical challenge, particularly in severely immunocompromised patients.
  • Current diagnostic methods are often insufficient, and treatment strategies require optimization.
  • Further research is crucial for improved diagnosis and management of IFIs caused by emerging fungal pathogens.