Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...
Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
Angina II: Classification01:27

Angina II: Classification

Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is a chest pain resulting from diminished blood flow to the heart muscle and is often a symptom of coronary artery disease. Angina presents several variants with distinctive attributes, etiologies, and therapeutic approaches. The main types of angina include stable, unstable, variant (Prinzmetal's), microvascular, intractable, and silent ischemia.Stable angina is caused by atherosclerosis, which leads to the formation of plaques that narrow the coronary...
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Essential Oil of <i>Xylopia frutescens</i> Controls Rice Sheath Blight Without Harming the Beneficial Biocontrol Agent <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i>.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Danazol and cost-savings in immune thrombocytopenia and in immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis·2025
Same author

Short-term association between ambient air pollution and heart rate variability: results from the population-based KORA S4 and FF4 studies.

Particle and fibre toxicology·2025
Same author

"From solvents to therapeutics: the expanding role of ionic liquids in dermatological drug administration".

International journal of pharmaceutics·2025
Same author

Spreading the Word: Sharing EPA's COVID-19 Research Results.

EM plus·2025
Same author

Filling Critical Science Gaps: EPA Office of Research and Development's Response to COVID-19.

EM plus·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
18:11

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

Published on: December 28, 2012

Reliability using the universal classification of acute myocardial infarction compared to ST-segment classification.

Manuel A Gonzalez1, Rana A Marzouq, Summiyah Nasir

  • 1Washington Hospital Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20010, USA. manuel.a.gonzalez@medstar.net

Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine : Including Molecular Interventions
|January 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The universal classification (UC) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) shows very good inter-physician reliability, outperforming the ST-segment classification (STC). This study suggests UC is a reliable AMI classification method.

More Related Videos

A Microscopic 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride Assay for Accurate and Reliable Analysis of Myocardial Injury
11:17

A Microscopic 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride Assay for Accurate and Reliable Analysis of Myocardial Injury

Published on: November 28, 2025

Histological Quantification of Chronic Myocardial Infarct in Rats
09:45

Histological Quantification of Chronic Myocardial Infarct in Rats

Published on: December 11, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
18:11

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

Published on: December 28, 2012

A Microscopic 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride Assay for Accurate and Reliable Analysis of Myocardial Injury
11:17

A Microscopic 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride Assay for Accurate and Reliable Analysis of Myocardial Injury

Published on: November 28, 2025

Histological Quantification of Chronic Myocardial Infarct in Rats
09:45

Histological Quantification of Chronic Myocardial Infarct in Rats

Published on: December 11, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Diagnostics
  • Clinical Classification

Background:

  • Accurate classification of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is crucial for patient management.
  • Existing ST-segment classification (STC) relies heavily on electrocardiogram (ECG) findings.
  • A more comprehensive Universal Classification (UC) incorporating clinical, ECG, and pathophysiologic data has been proposed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the inter-physician reliability of the Universal Classification (UC) versus the ST-segment classification (STC) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  • To evaluate the performance of UC in classifying different types of AMI.

Main Methods:

  • A registry of consecutive AMI patients was analyzed.
  • Two independent physicians classified AMI cases using both UC and STC.
  • Inter-physician reliability was assessed using weighted kappa (wK) statistics.
  • A third senior physician resolved disagreements.

Main Results:

  • The study included 253 patients with various types of AMI.
  • Inter-physician reliability for UC was very good (wK=0.84).
  • Inter-physician reliability for STC was good (wK=0.78).
  • Significant differences in STEMI/NSTEMI proportions were observed between Type 1 and Type 2 AMI using UC.

Conclusions:

  • The Universal Classification (UC) demonstrates superior inter-physician reliability compared to the ST-segment classification (STC) for AMI.
  • UC is a reliable method for classifying acute myocardial infarction.
  • Further validation of UC in large prospective studies is recommended.