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Related Concept Videos

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
pH Regulation in Cells01:28

pH Regulation in Cells

pH plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular activities. It helps maintain the structure and function of various proteins, dictates the charge on cellular membranes, and is crucial for metabolic reactions inside the cell. Moreover, cells use the energy from the proton motive force to generate ATP.
Cytosolic pH
Under physiological conditions, the cytosolic pH is slightly more acidic than the extracellular pH. However, cells must prevent further acidification of their cytosol to...
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...
The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...

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[Phosphocalcic metabolism: regulation and explorations].

Marie Courbebaisse1, Jean-Claude Souberbielle

  • 1Service de néphrologie et dialyses, hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France. marie.courbebaisse@tnn.aphp.fr

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Maintaining proper serum calcium and phosphate levels is vital for bone health and overall physiology. Hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), along with the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR), regulate these minerals, preventing metabolic disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Mineral Metabolism
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Calcium and phosphate are critical for bone mineralization and numerous physiological functions.
  • Serum phosphate is less tightly regulated than ionized calcium, necessitating careful homeostatic control to prevent metabolic disorders.
  • Key regulators include parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol, the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the complex regulatory mechanisms of calcium and phosphate homeostasis.
  • To highlight the roles of PTH, calcitriol, CaSR, and FGF23 in maintaining mineral balance.
  • To underscore the importance of understanding these pathways for diagnosing and managing metabolic bone diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established physiological pathways governing calcium and phosphate metabolism.
  • Discussion of the roles of key hormones and receptors (PTH, calcitriol, CaSR, FGF23).
  • Mention of standard diagnostic tests for phosphocalcic metabolism abnormalities.

Main Results:

  • PTH and calcitriol tightly regulate serum calcium, while PTH and FGF23 influence phosphate levels.
  • CaSR detects changes in ionized calcium, modulating PTH secretion.
  • FGF23 plays a significant role in phosphate homeostasis by inhibiting renal phosphate reabsorption and calcitriol production.
  • Recent discoveries include vitamin D actions independent of mineral homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Disruptions in calcium and phosphate homeostasis can lead to severe metabolic disorders.
  • Accurate assessment of phosphocalcic metabolism involves measuring serum calcium, phosphate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, PTH, and urinary calcium.
  • Advances in understanding genetic disorders have improved the diagnosis of phosphocalcic homeostasis disturbances.