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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

The insulin pump.

C J Toews

    Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien
    |January 29, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Insulin pump therapy offers improved blood glucose control for motivated patients compared to injections. However, careful patient selection and monitoring are crucial due to risks like uncontrolled diabetes or hypoglycemia.

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    Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster
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    Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

    Published on: June 30, 2011

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    Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

    Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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    Published on: June 11, 2012

    Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster
    05:52

    Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

    Published on: June 30, 2011

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Metabolic Disorders
    • Medical Devices

    Background:

    • Subcutaneous continuous insulin infusion systems provide basal and bolus insulin delivery.
    • These systems aim to maintain normal blood glucose levels in non-fed states and during meals.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of insulin pump therapy for diabetes management.
    • To compare insulin pump control with conventional insulin injection methods.

    Main Methods:

    • Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy.
    • Comparison with multiple daily insulin injections (MDI).

    Main Results:

    • Insulin pumps can achieve near-optimal blood glucose control in highly motivated patients.
    • Pump therapy demonstrates better diabetic control than once-daily injections; MDI can offer comparable control.
    • Short-term metabolic improvements are observed, but long-term effects on complications are not yet established.

    Conclusions:

    • Insulin pump therapy is suitable for highly motivated, well-instructed patients within a supportive clinical setting.
    • Potential hazards include rapid hyperglycemia if infusion stops and hypoglycemia with basal rate issues.