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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Practical Considerations for the Design, Execution, and Interpretation of Studies Involving Whole-Bone Bending Tests of Rodent Bones
04:20

Practical Considerations for the Design, Execution, and Interpretation of Studies Involving Whole-Bone Bending Tests of Rodent Bones

Published on: September 1, 2023

Whole bone mechanics and bone quality.

Jacqueline H Cole1, Marjolein C H van der Meulen

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
|January 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding whole bone mechanics is key to preventing fractures. Mechanical tests assess bone strength, influenced by mass, geometry, and material properties, with factors like age and diet impacting fracture risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Skeletal Biology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The skeleton's structural integrity is vital for load-bearing; failure leads to fractures.
  • Understanding bone mechanics is critical for developing fracture prevention strategies and therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review whole bone mechanical testing methods and outcomes.
  • To explore intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of whole bone mechanical properties.
  • To examine the influence of environmental factors on bone mechanical behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic PubMed literature search for in vitro whole bone testing studies.
  • Summarization of fundamental solid mechanics principles applied to bone.

Main Results:

  • Whole bone mechanical tests quantify stiffness and strength using load-deformation data.
  • Bone stiffness and strength depend on bone mass, tissue geometry, and material properties.
  • Age, sex, genetics, diet, and physical activity influence bone strength and fracture incidence.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding skeletal biomechanics is crucial for clinical fracture prevention.
  • Current in vitro whole bone strength tests are the sole predictors of in vivo fracture.
  • Future noninvasive prediction of bone strength may utilize integrated imaging and engineering models.