Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia IV: Management01:28

Pneumonia IV: Management

The treatment of pneumonia varies based on its severity and the causative pathogen. Here is a structured approach to managing pneumonia, integrating pharmaceutical and supportive care strategies.
Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment
For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics serve as the cornerstone of therapy. Initial treatment often begins with empirical antibiotics, tailored to the anticipated causative organism and adjusted based on culture results. Key antibiotic choices include:
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...
Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention01:30

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed.
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Subtypes; Immune Escape; Limitations of Current Immunotherapy; and the BTLA/HVEM/CD160 Axis as an Emerging Target.

Current issues in molecular biology·2026
Same author

The Impact of Environmental and Climate Factors on Pneumonia Pathogenesis.

Clinics in chest medicine·2026
Same author

Systemic Protein Biomarkers, Composite Blood Inflammatory Indices and Cellular Ratios in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Potential Therapeutic Targets.

Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

The Potassium-Uptake Systems, Trk and Kdp, Coordinately Contribute to Growth Regulation and Survival of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> in Ion-Depleted and Acidic Environments.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

Recognising RSV infection in adults: The role of recently-developed vaccines.

African journal of thoracic and critical care medicine·2026
Same author

Risk Groups for Vaccine-Preventable Respiratory Infections in Children and Adults: An Overview of the Australian Environment.

Vaccines·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
11:32

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2014

Bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia: current therapeutic options.

Charles Feldman1, Ronald Anderson

  • 1Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, South Africa. charles.feldman@wits.ac.za

Drugs
|February 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes severe infections like pneumonia and meningitis. Emerging antibiotic resistance complicates treatment, necessitating understanding pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters for effective drug selection and dosing.

More Related Videos

A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii
09:17

A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii

Published on: January 2, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
11:32

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2014

A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii
09:17

A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii

Published on: January 2, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media globally.
  • Antimicrobial resistance in S. pneumoniae complicates treatment, posing significant public health challenges.
  • Risk factors include lifestyle (e.g., smoking) and medical conditions (e.g., HIV), increasing susceptibility to infection and bacteremia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathogenesis and virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
  • To discuss the impact of emerging antimicrobial resistance on treatment outcomes.
  • To explore the role of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters in guiding antimicrobial therapy and predicting treatment success.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of S. pneumoniae pathogenesis, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance.
  • Analysis of PK/PD principles in relation to S. pneumoniae infections.
  • Examination of current treatment guidelines and adjunctive therapies.

Main Results:

  • S. pneumoniae employs various virulence factors, including a polysaccharide capsule and biofilm formation, for colonization and invasion.
  • Resistance is increasing across multiple antibiotic classes (β-lactams, macrolides, fluoroquinolones), including multidrug resistance.
  • PK/PD modeling aids in understanding the relationship between resistance, drug exposure, and clinical outcomes, informing optimal dosing strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of S. pneumoniae infections requires addressing antimicrobial resistance.
  • PK/PD parameters are crucial for optimizing antibacterial selection and dosage to overcome resistance.
  • Adjunctive therapies, particularly macrolides, corticosteroids, and cAMP-elevating agents, may improve outcomes in severe cases.