Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Margin of Error01:27

Margin of Error

The margin of error is also called the maximum error of an estimate. The margin of error is the maximum possible or expected difference between the observed sample parameter value and the actual population parameter value. For proportion, it is the maximum difference between the value of sample proportion obtained from the data and the true value of population proportion. As the true value of the population parameter is not known, the margin of error is calculated using the sample statistic.
Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects01:29

Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects

Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Crossing over01:34

Crossing over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...
Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...
Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals γδ T-Cell Infiltration and Presence of Immune Regulatory Molecules in Biliary Tract Cancer Microenvironment.

American journal of clinical oncology·2026
Same author

Burden of non-cancer comorbidities and mortality in chronic pancreatitis: a retrospective cohort study.

BMJ open gastroenterology·2026
Same author

HLA-B*44 Alleles and HLA-DQA1*03:01 as Genetic Risk Factors for Drug-Induced Liver Injury due to Fluoroquinolones.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026
Same author

TeloNet is born: why all specialities need to be aware of telomere biology disorders.

Frontiers in medicine·2026
Same author

The effect of a two-week low glycaemic index, higher fibre diet versus high glycaemic index diet on body composition, ectopic lipids, inflammatory biomarkers, gastrointestinal hormones and gut microbiota in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): A pilot randomized cross-over study.

Clinical nutrition ESPEN·2026
Same author

Interventions to prevent and treat multiple long-term conditions and their consequences across the life course: concepts and definitions.

BMC medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity
05:59

Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity

Published on: March 7, 2019

Mind the gap.

Guruprasad P Aithal1

  • 1Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK. guru.aithal@nuh.nhs.uk

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals : ATLA
|February 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biomedical research faces challenges in studying liver injuries like drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Human tissues and cells are improving our understanding where animal models fall short.

More Related Videos

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior
06:38

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

Published on: June 9, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity
05:59

Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity

Published on: March 7, 2019

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior
06:38

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

Published on: June 9, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology and translational medicine
  • Drug-induced liver injury (DILI)
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

Background:

  • Significant unmet needs exist in biomedical and clinical research for liver diseases.
  • Current animal models demonstrate limitations in accurately predicting and studying human liver injuries such as DILI, NAFLD, and NASH.
  • These limitations hinder effective management and therapeutic development for prevalent liver conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the limitations of current animal models in liver disease research.
  • To describe how human-derived biological materials are addressing knowledge gaps.
  • To emphasize the importance of human tissues and primary cells in advancing liver injury studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on drug-induced liver injury (DILI), NAFLD, and NASH.
  • Analysis of the predictive and mechanistic limitations of animal models in liver disease.
  • Description of studies utilizing human tissues and primary cells for liver research.

Main Results:

  • Animal models frequently fail to recapitulate the complexity of human liver pathologies like DILI and NASH.
  • Studies using human tissues and primary cells offer more relevant insights into disease mechanisms and drug responses.
  • Human-based approaches are crucial for bridging the gap between preclinical findings and clinical outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Human tissues and primary cells are essential for overcoming the limitations of animal models in liver disease research.
  • Advancements in understanding and managing DILI, NAFLD, and NASH are being driven by human-based research.
  • Translational research utilizing human biological samples is critical for improving patient care in hepatology.