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Related Concept Videos

Problem-Solving01:29

Problem-Solving

Effective problem-solving consists of two steps: 1. identifying the problem and 2. selecting the appropriate problem-solving strategy (i.e., a plan of action used to find a solution). Humans use four problem-solving strategies:
Solving Problems in Physics02:32

Solving Problems in Physics

Problem-solving is the ability to apply general physical principles to specific situations, usually expressed by equations. It is an essential skill in physics, and can also be useful for applying physics in everyday life as well. Analytical skills and problem-solving abilities can be applied to new situations, compared to a list of facts, which can never be extensive enough to include every possible circumstance. To solve physics problems, a certain amount of creativity and insight is...
Heuristics01:21

Heuristics

Heuristics are problem-solving strategies that use mental shortcuts to simplify decision-making. Unlike algorithms, which must be followed precisely to achieve a correct result, heuristics offer a general problem-solving framework. They save time and energy but can sometimes lead to less rational decisions.
People often rely on heuristics when faced with an overload of information, limited time, low importance of the decision, limited information, or when a heuristic readily comes to mind. For...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Trial and Error and Algorithm01:12

Trial and Error and Algorithm

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. Different strategies have distinct action plans. Trial and error involves trying different solutions until one works. For instance, to fix a broken printer, you might check ink levels, ensure the paper tray isn't jammed, and verify the printer's connection to your laptop. This method can be time-consuming but is commonly used. Thomas Edison, for example, used trial and error to find a suitable filament for the light bulb,...
Case Studies01:22

Case Studies

There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

How to write short cases for assessing problem-solving skills.

L W Schuwirth

    Medical Teacher
    |February 1, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Short case-based testing offers a promising approach for assessing problem-solving skills. This article details strategies for creating effective case-based exams, focusing on essential decisions and question design.

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Education
    • Assessment Methods

    Background:

    • Problem-solving assessment is crucial in professional education.
    • Traditional methods may not fully capture decision-making abilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the methodology of short case-based testing.
    • To outline strategies and identify pitfalls in developing these assessments.

    Main Methods:

    • Detailed description of the short case-based testing format.
    • Explanation of strategies for case and question development.
    • Discussion of suitable question formats.

    Main Results:

    • Short case-based testing involves numerous short cases with targeted questions.
    • Effective case writing requires careful selection of essential decisions.
    • Strategies encompass case writing, question design, and format selection.

    Conclusions:

    • Short case-based testing is a valuable tool for evaluating problem-solving.
    • Careful planning and execution are key to successful case development.
    • This method aids in assessing critical decision-making skills.