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Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

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Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions

The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions

Published on: August 11, 2016

Peripheral nerve response to injury.

Martin B Steed¹

¹Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. msteed@emory.edu

Atlas of the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America

|February 1, 2011

Summary

Understanding peripheral trigeminal nerve injury responses is crucial for oral surgeons. Nerve regeneration is possible, with future microenvironment manipulation promising better management of these injuries.

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The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions

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Published on: August 11, 2016

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Area of Science:

Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Neuroscience
Regenerative medicine

Background:

Peripheral nerve injuries, particularly to the trigeminal nerve, present complex challenges in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
A fundamental understanding of how peripheral nerves respond to trauma is essential for effective patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

To underscore the importance of understanding peripheral nerve trauma responses for oral and maxillofacial surgeons.
To highlight the potential for peripheral nerve regeneration and future therapeutic advancements.

Main Methods:

Review of current understanding of peripheral nerve response to injury.
Analysis of factors influencing nerve regeneration.
Discussion of potential microenvironment manipulation strategies.

Main Results:

The response of peripheral nerves to trauma is highly dependent on the type and severity of the injury.
Peripheral nerve regeneration is a viable possibility in numerous cases.
The regenerative microenvironment holds significant potential for therapeutic intervention.

Conclusions:

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons require foundational knowledge of peripheral nerve trauma responses.
Advances in understanding and manipulating the regenerative microenvironment are key to improving outcomes for trigeminal nerve injuries.