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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: April 23, 2019

Ionic liquid-based liquid phase microextraction with direct injection for capillary electrophoresis.

Michael C Breadmore¹

¹Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. mcb@utas.edu.au

Journal of Chromatography. A

|February 1, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic liquid microextraction using EMIM NtfO₂ offers significant sensitivity enhancements for analyzing basic compounds like pharmaceuticals in biological samples. This method provides a simple and effective way to improve detection limits for therapeutic drug monitoring and forensic toxicology.

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Published on: August 13, 2021

Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Separation Science

Background:

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) requires sensitive methods for analyzing basic compounds in complex matrices.
Traditional sample preparation methods can be time-consuming and may not provide sufficient analyte enrichment.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the use of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIM NtfO₂) for liquid-liquid microextraction of basic compounds.
To enhance sensitivity and simplify sample cleanup for CE analysis.
To demonstrate the application for pharmaceutical analysis in biological fluids.

Main Methods:

Liquid-liquid microextraction using EMIM NtfO₂ as the extracting solvent.
Direct injection of the ionic liquid into the capillary for CE analysis.
Analysis of basic dye chrysoidine and pharmaceuticals (clozapine and metabolites) in urine and serum samples.

Main Results:

Sensitivity enhancements approaching 1000-fold were achieved for basic dyes.
Enrichment factors greater than 100 were obtained for clozapine and its metabolites from urine.
Sensitivity enhancements of 80 were achieved for serum samples.
Low limits of detection (3–11 μg/L in urine, 6–55 μg/L in serum) were obtained.

Conclusions:

EMIM NtfO₂ is an effective ionic liquid for microextraction and cleanup of basic compounds for CE.
The method offers significant sensitivity improvements for analyzing pharmaceuticals in biological samples.
The technique is suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring and forensic toxicology applications.