Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...

Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence

Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a variety of strategies to establish infections, including the secretion of extracellular enzymes that act as potent virulence factors. These enzymes facilitate bacterial colonization of host tissues and help evade immune surveillance. By targeting structural components of host tissues and interfering with immune mechanisms, these enzymes play a pivotal role in disease progression.Extracellular Enzymes Facilitating Tissue Invasion: Several bacterial pathogens secrete...

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within the One...

Stringent Response in E. coli

Stringent Response in E. coli

Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Refractory epilepsy from lead poisoning.

BMJ neurology open·2026

Same author

Structure-Guided Optimization of Novel Inhibitors of <i>Plasmodium</i> Lysyl-tRNA Synthetase with Multistage Activity against Malaria Parasites.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2026

Same author

Gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel with or without the VDR agonist paricalcitol for metastatic pancreatic cancer: a randomized, multiarm, run-in phase trial.

Nature cancer·2026

Same author

The small interfering RNA imdusiran as single and multiple doses in healthy, randomised individuals and non-randomised individuals with chronic hepatitis B (AB-729-001): a phase 1a/b trial.

The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology·2026

Same author

Early hepatitis B and delta virus kinetics in patients undergoing liver transplantation.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

IL1β/IL1R1/IRAK4 Drives Inflammatory Ovarian Cancer Seeding at the inflamed sites and Is Reversed by an IRAK4 inhibitor UR241-2.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues

A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues

Published on: February 19, 2019

EsaD, a secretion factor for the Ess pathway in Staphylococcus aureus.

Mark Anderson¹, Yi-Hsing Chen, Emily K Butler

¹Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th St., CLSC 609, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. dmissiak@bsd.uchicago.edu

Journal of Bacteriology

|February 1, 2011

Summary

The Staphylococcus aureus Ess secretion pathway

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Molecular Biology
Pathogenesis

Background:

Staphylococcus aureus utilizes the Sec-independent Ess secretion pathway, homologous to mycobacterial T7 secretion systems, crucial for virulence.
The Ess pathway involves genes including esxA, esaA, essA, essB, esaB, essC, esaC, and esxB, encoding secreted substrates and regulatory proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the function of the uncharacterized gene esaD, located downstream of esxB in the Ess secretion pathway.
To determine the role of EsaD in Staphylococcus aureus secretion and virulence.

Main Methods:

Gene expression analysis of esaD under different mutational conditions (esaB and essB mutants).
Localization studies of the EsaD protein using antibodies.
Assessment of EsxA secretion in S. aureus esaD mutants.

More Related Videos

Development and Assessment of Intracellular Infection Models for Staphylococcus aureus

Development and Assessment of Intracellular Infection Models for Staphylococcus aureus

Published on: January 17, 2025

Quantifying the Cytotoxicity of Staphylococcus aureus Against Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Quantifying the Cytotoxicity of Staphylococcus aureus Against Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Published on: January 3, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues

A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues

Published on: February 19, 2019

Development and Assessment of Intracellular Infection Models for Staphylococcus aureus

Development and Assessment of Intracellular Infection Models for Staphylococcus aureus

Published on: January 17, 2025

Quantifying the Cytotoxicity of Staphylococcus aureus Against Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Quantifying the Cytotoxicity of Staphylococcus aureus Against Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Published on: January 3, 2020

In vivo virulence studies in a mouse model (intravenous inoculation) to evaluate abscess formation and bacterial load.

Main Results:

Expression of esaD is upregulated in esaB and essB mutants.
EsaD is a membrane-associated protein accessible on the bacterial surface.
S. aureus mutants lacking esaD exhibit impaired EsxA secretion.
esaD mutants showed reduced abscess formation and bacterial load in a mouse model compared to wild-type.

Conclusions:

EsaD is a novel component of the Staphylococcus aureus Ess secretion pathway, essential for EsxA secretion and virulence.
The presence of esaD homologues in other Gram-positive pathogens suggests a conserved role in Ess secretion.