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Related Concept Videos

Pulse Oximetry01:24

Pulse Oximetry

Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
Purpose
Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...
Guidelines For Measuring Vital Signs01:19

Guidelines For Measuring Vital Signs

Following these guidelines can help nurses accurately measure vital signs, assess changes in patient conditions, and provide timely treatment when necessary. Adhering closely to the guidelines ensures the accuracy and reliability of the results.
Before taking a patient's vital signs, a nurse would consider and assess the patient's comfort level and ensure appropriate equipment is available.
Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation01:19

Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation

Assessing respiratory rate concurrently with pulse measurement is fundamental to patient care, providing valuable insights into the patient's respiratory function. The normal breathing rate for an adult usually falls within a normal range of 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Abnormal respiratory rates can signal underlying health conditions or the need for immediate intervention.
Ensuring accuracy in vital sign recordings while prioritizing patient comfort and minimizing anxiety is important. 
Special considerations while measuring pulse01:13

Special considerations while measuring pulse

Assessing a patient's pulse is a fundamental skill in healthcare, but certain situations require special attention:
Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac muscle...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
14:19

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Published on: June 29, 2013

Fetal pulse oximetry.

Gary A Dildy1

  • 1Maternal Fetal Medicine Center, St Mark's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Gary.Dildy@HCAhealthcare.com

Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
|February 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fetal pulse oximetry (FPO) was expected to reduce cesarean deliveries by assessing fetal oxygenation. However, FPO has not decreased cesarean rates, despite accurately measuring fetal oxygen saturation.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

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Published on: June 29, 2013

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Pulse oximetry significantly impacted anesthesiology and critical care.
  • Fetal pulse oximetry (FPO) was introduced to obstetrics with high expectations.
  • Concerns exist that many abnormal fetal heart rate patterns are not linked to fetal hypoxemia or acidemia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate if fetal pulse oximetry (FPO) could provide reassurance and reduce unnecessary interventions like cesarean deliveries.
  • To assess the clinical utility of FPO in improving obstetric outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Fetal pulse oximetry (FPO) was implemented to measure fetal arterial oxygen saturation.
  • Clinical data was analyzed to determine the impact of FPO on intervention rates.

Main Results:

  • Fetal pulse oximetry (FPO) accurately measures fetal arterial oxygen saturation.
  • Despite accurate measurements, FPO has not led to a reduction in overall cesarean deliveries.

Conclusions:

  • Fetal pulse oximetry (FPO) has not met its initial expectations in obstetrics.
  • The inability of FPO to reduce cesarean delivery rates limits its current clinical impact.