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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects

Published on: April 21, 2022

Assessing male condom failure and incorrect use.

Ann Duerr¹, Maria F Gallo, Lee Warner

¹Division of Clinical Research and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

|February 1, 2011

Summary

Male condoms offer good protection when used correctly. Objective measures of failure, like prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in swabs, confirm condom effectiveness in preventing exposure.

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Health
Sexual Health
Public Health

Background:

The validity of common male condom failure indices in predicting biologically significant exposure remains unclear.
Objective measures are needed to assess real-world condom effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare self-reported male condom malfunctions and incorrect practices with objective measures of failure.
To evaluate the association between reported issues and biological evidence of exposure.

Main Methods:

Compared self-reported condom breakage/slippage and incorrect practices with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in vaginal swabs and laboratory analysis of condom integrity.
Study involved 635 condoms used by 77 women in an outpatient reproductive-health clinic.

Main Results:

Self-reported malfunctions correlated with PSA detection only when corrective actions were not taken.
Laboratory defects in condoms were linked to PSA detection.
Incorrect practices, including pre-donning penile contact, were associated with semen exposure.

Conclusions:

Male condoms provide effective protection against exposure when used correctly, as supported by objective failure measures.
Certain incorrect practices not typically defined on labels increase the risk of exposure.