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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes

Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes

Published on: June 3, 2018

Conversion of mouse fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes using a direct reprogramming strategy.

Jem A Efe¹, Simon Hilcove, Janghwan Kim

¹Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.

Nature Cell Biology

|February 1, 2011

Summary

Researchers shortcut reprogramming to pluripotency, directly generating cardiomyocytes from mouse cells in under two weeks. This efficient method bypasses pluripotent intermediates, offering a new cellular transdifferentiation platform.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes

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Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes

Published on: August 27, 2021

Area of Science:

Stem cell biology
Cellular reprogramming
Cardiogenesis

Background:

Conventional reprogramming to pluripotency involves Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc.
Generating specific cell types directly from somatic cells remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a faster and more efficient method for generating cardiomyocytes.
To investigate if a pluripotent intermediate is necessary for direct reprogramming.

Main Methods:

Overexpression of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs).
Shortened transgenic expression period (4 days).
Monitoring for spontaneous cardiomyocyte contraction over 11-12 days.

Main Results:

Direct reprogramming of MEFs into cardiomyocytes achieved in 11-12 days.
Evidence suggests a pluripotent intermediate is not involved.
Established a transient, plastic developmental state for cellular transdifferentiation.

Conclusions:

A rapid and efficient method for direct cardiac reprogramming was established.
This approach bypasses pluripotency, utilizing a transient state as a transdifferentiation platform.
The strategy has broad implications for induced pluripotent stem cell technology and regenerative medicine.