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Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19

A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19

Published on: July 5, 2022

Is gestational diabetes a clinical entity?

Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien

|February 1, 2011

Summary

Screening for gestational diabetes using glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) may not significantly improve obstetrical outcomes. Maternal age and weight are more effective predictors of perinatal loss risk.

Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Endocrinology
Perinatal Medicine

Background:

Gestational diabetes is abnormal glucose tolerance first diagnosed during pregnancy.
The direct link between gestational diabetes diagnosis and adverse perinatal outcomes remains unclear.
Current evidence supporting glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) for improving obstetrical results is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness of screening for gestational diabetes using GTTs.
To identify more reliable predictors of perinatal loss in at-risk pregnancies.
To guide clinical management strategies for pregnancies potentially affected by gestational diabetes.

Main Methods:

Review of existing evidence on gestational diabetes screening and perinatal outcomes.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19

A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19

Published on: July 5, 2022

Comparative analysis of GTT effectiveness versus traditional risk factors (maternal age, weight, stature, history).

Assessment of fetal growth monitoring as a component of risk assessment.

Main Results:

Limited evidence suggests GTT screening significantly improves perinatal outcomes.
Maternal age and weight demonstrate comparable or superior predictive value for perinatal loss risk.
Overemphasis on GTTs may divert attention from crucial risk factors.

Conclusions:

The clinical utility of routine GTT screening for gestational diabetes is questionable.
Focusing on established risk factors like maternal age, stature, and fetal growth assessment is recommended for managing at-risk pregnancies.
A comprehensive approach beyond GTTs is essential for optimizing perinatal care.