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Related Concept Videos

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.
Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the colon and rectum. The primary drugs used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis are aminosalicylates. They exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They modulate inflammatory mediators and inhibit the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Aminosalicylates also reduce inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production and decreasing neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide generation. 
Antiprotozoal Agents01:21

Antiprotozoal Agents

Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by several Leishmania species. It affects millions of people each year and remains a major public health problem in endemic regions. First-line treatment relies on pentavalent antimonials, including meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate. Even so, how these drugs work has not been fully clear, especially their interaction with parasite-specific biochemical pathways. One key target is trypanothione reductase (TR), an enzyme that...
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
Bone Marrow Sampling and Transplants01:22

Bone Marrow Sampling and Transplants

Bone marrow transplant is a potential cure for several diseases, including cancer and specific genetic disorders. Notably, this procedure is applicable for patients suffering from aplastic anemia, certain types of leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease, and certain cancers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood γδ T Cells using Zoledronate
13:08

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood γδ T Cells using Zoledronate

Published on: September 9, 2011

Danazol as first-line therapy for aplastic anemia.

José Carlos Jaime-Pérez1, Perla R Colunga-Pedraza, Cynthia D Gómez-Ramírez

  • 1Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine Division, Dr. José Eleuterio González University Hospital of the School of Medicine of the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico. carjaime@hotmail.com

Annals of Hematology
|February 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary

For aplastic anemia patients ineligible for stem cell transplants, danazol offers a treatment option when standard immunosuppressive therapy is unavailable. While hematopoietic stem cell transplantation shows higher survival, danazol demonstrates a notable response rate and safety profile.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood γδ T Cells using Zoledronate
13:08

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood γδ T Cells using Zoledronate

Published on: September 9, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare blood disorder where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient blood cells.
  • Standard treatment for AA patients ineligible for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) involves immunosuppressive therapy (IST) with anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) plus cyclosporine A (CsA).
  • Androgens, such as danazol, are considered when standard IST is unavailable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the clinical outcomes of AA patients treated with danazol as an alternative to standard IST.
  • To compare the efficacy and safety of danazol with HSCT in AA patients lacking a matched donor and IST access.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective study of 50 AA patients.
  • Thirteen patients received HSCT, while 37 were treated with danazol (median dose 400 mg/day for 12 months) and supportive care.
  • Outcomes assessed included overall survival (OS), response rates, and risk of death.

Main Results:

  • Five-year OS was significantly higher in the HSCT group (92%) compared to the danazol group (41%) (P=0.001).
  • The overall response rate in the danazol group was 46%, with a median time to response of 3 months.
  • Danazol treatment was associated with a single gastrointestinal bleeding episode and no instances of clonal evolution.

Conclusions:

  • While HSCT offers superior survival, danazol is an acceptable therapeutic option for AA patients lacking a donor and access to standard IST.
  • Danazol demonstrates a reasonable response rate and favorable safety profile in this patient population.
  • Further research may explore optimizing danazol therapy in AA management.