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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
10:42

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

Published on: July 30, 2017

A cross-sectional study contrasting olfactory function in autonomic disorders.

E M Garland1, S R Raj, A C Peltier

  • 1Autonomic Dysfunction Center, AA3228 Medical Center North, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2195, USA. emily.garland@vanderbilt.edu

Neurology
|February 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Odor identification is impaired in pure autonomic failure, indicating peripheral noradrenergic innervation is crucial for smell, but norepinephrine itself isn't essential. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) aids in diagnosing these conditions.

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Combining a Breath-Synchronized Olfactometer with Brain Simulation to Study the Impact of Odors on Corticospinal Excitability and Effective Connectivity
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Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
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Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: August 25, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
10:42

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Published on: July 30, 2017

Combining a Breath-Synchronized Olfactometer with Brain Simulation to Study the Impact of Odors on Corticospinal Excitability and Effective Connectivity
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Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
07:27

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: August 25, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Autonomic Nervous System Disorders
  • Olfactory Function

Background:

  • Autonomic neurodegeneration affects various bodily functions, including olfaction.
  • Norepinephrine plays a role in neurotransmission within the autonomic nervous system.
  • Understanding the role of noradrenergic pathways in olfactory identification is crucial for diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare odor identification in patients with peripheral or central autonomic neurodegeneration.
  • To investigate the role of norepinephrine in olfactory function.
  • To assess the utility of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) in differentiating autonomic disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Olfactory function was assessed using the UPSIT in patients with pure autonomic failure (PAF), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and dopamine β-hydroxylase deficiency (DBHD).
  • Blood pressure and catecholamine levels were measured.
  • Statistical analyses were performed to compare odor identification scores and clinical data.

Main Results:

  • Odor identification was significantly impaired in PAF patients compared to MSA and DBHD patients (p < 0.001).
  • PAF patients exhibited greater orthostatic blood pressure decline and lower plasma norepinephrine levels.
  • Olfactory function was relatively preserved in DBHD patients, who have intact noradrenergic neurons but lack norepinephrine.

Conclusions:

  • Peripheral noradrenergic innervation is important for olfactory identification, but norepinephrine is not essential.
  • Olfactory dysfunction is a key feature of pure autonomic failure.
  • The UPSIT can be a valuable tool for differentiating between PAF, MSA, and DBHD.