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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure01:17

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure

Endocrinal or hormonal intervention in the cardiovascular system is predominantly exerted by the catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine, as well as a slew of hormones that interact with renal function to modulate blood volume.
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, catecholamines that enhance and extend the sympathetic or "fight or flight" physiological response. These hormones escalate heart rate and the force of contraction while...
Factors affecting Blood pressure01:28

Factors affecting Blood pressure

Several physiological and lifestyle factors influence blood pressure (BP). Understanding these factors is crucial as they are significant in patient education and blood pressure management.
Physiological Factors:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Rat Model of Mild Intrauterine Hypoperfusion with Microcoil Stenosis
06:19

A Rat Model of Mild Intrauterine Hypoperfusion with Microcoil Stenosis

Published on: January 7, 2018

Prenatal programming-effects on blood pressure and renal function.

Eberhard Ritz1, Kerstin Amann, Nadezda Koleganova

  • 1Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69100, Germany. prof.e.ritz@t-online.de

Nature Reviews. Nephrology
|February 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Low nephron number from impaired kidney development in utero is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease and hypertension. Prenatal programming influences these conditions, highlighting developmental plasticity.

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Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings
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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Rat Model of Mild Intrauterine Hypoperfusion with Microcoil Stenosis
06:19

A Rat Model of Mild Intrauterine Hypoperfusion with Microcoil Stenosis

Published on: January 7, 2018

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings
14:40

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings

Published on: October 25, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Nephrology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Impaired intrauterine nephrogenesis, indicated by low nephron number, is linked to low birthweight.
  • Low nephron number is a significant risk factor for renal disease, including reduced glomerular filtration rate and increased chronic kidney disease incidence.
  • Hypertension is a consequence of impaired nephrogenesis, exacerbating kidney disease risk, though its association with nephron number varies by ethnicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the concept of prenatal programming.
  • To describe the role of prenatal programming in kidney disease.
  • To explore the role of prenatal programming in hypertension.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on nephrogenesis, birthweight, renal disease, and hypertension.
  • Discussion of developmental plasticity and epigenetic modifications.
  • Synthesis of evidence linking intrauterine development to adult renal and cardiovascular health.

Main Results:

  • Low nephron number is a predictor of future renal dysfunction and hypertension.
  • Prenatal environmental factors can epigenetically modify gene expression, impacting kidney development.
  • The relationship between nephron number and hypertension is influenced by genetic background.

Conclusions:

  • Prenatal programming significantly influences the development of kidney disease and hypertension.
  • Understanding intrauterine influences is crucial for preventing renal and cardiovascular diseases.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms mediate the long-term effects of the prenatal environment on kidney health.