A novel collagen/hydroxyapatite/poly(lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) biodegradable and bioactive 3D porous scaffold for...

The goal of this study was to design a nontoxic scaffold with both composition and microstructure suitable for bone engineering using collagen (Coll), hydroxyapatite (HA), and poly(lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL). Mineralized type I Coll was produced by direct nucleation of HA particles inside self-assembled Coll fibers to obtain a Coll/HA complex, which was then added to dissolved PLCL (70:30) in 1,4-dioxane. A 3D porous Coll/HA/PLCL scaffold was subsequently produced through freeze-drying/lyophilization and salt-leaching procedures. The resulting Coll/HA/PLCL scaffold displayed a high uniform porosity and highly interconnected pores. X-ray photoelectron spectrometer and Fourier transform infrared analyses revealed the presence of both collagen and HA particles on the surface of the Coll/HA/PLCL scaffold. Proliferation assay, microscopic observations, and gene analysis with quantitative RT-PCR showed that osteoblast cells were able to attach, proliferate, and maintain an osteoblastlike phenotype when cultured on the Coll/HA/PLCL scaffold. In summary, we produced a nontoxic scaffold that contains natural polymers (Coll and HA) and synthetic polymer (PLCL). Through its chemical composition and porous morphology, this scaffold may be useful for osteoblast growth, differentiation, and bone tissue formation.