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Methods in pharmacology: measurement of cardiac output

Bart F Geerts1, Leon P Aarts, Jos R Jansen

  • 1Departments of Anaesthesiology Intensive Care Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. b.f.geerts@lumc.nl

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
|February 3, 2011
PubMed

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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
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