Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:40

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

Introduction
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.
Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Insight into the reactivity and antitumoral potential of allyl rhodanine derivatives: Azomethine ylide cycloadditions, molecular docking, and SAR studies.

Bioorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

New chemotherapeutic strategies against mesenchymal triple-negative breast cancer: A deeper look at the molecular level.

Talanta·2026
Same author

Phosphonates as Modulators of Brain Chemistry.

Medicinal research reviews·2026
Same author

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Versus Non-Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: The Impact of Pd and Pt Complexes on Basal-Like Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

ChemMedChem·2026
Same author

gPPIpred: A User-Friendly PPI Predictor Based on Protein Molecular Graphs.

microPublication biology·2026
Same author

Effects of a bloodless diet on fitness and malaria susceptibility in Anopheles mosquitoes from Burkina Faso.

Scientific reports·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides
09:54

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides

Published on: August 20, 2018

Arcyriaflavin A monohydrate.

José A Fernandes1, Filipe A Almeida Paz, Joana Marques

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, CICECO, Portugal.

Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Crystal Structure Communications
|February 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of arcyriaflavin A monohydrate. It reveals how molecules self-assemble into 2D layers through hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking for efficient crystal packing.

More Related Videos

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade
09:50

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade

Published on: August 14, 2019

Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)
07:20

Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)

Published on: June 14, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides
09:54

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides

Published on: August 20, 2018

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade
09:50

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade

Published on: August 14, 2019

Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)
07:20

Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)

Published on: June 14, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Crystallography
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Arcyriaflavin A is a natural product with potential biological activities.
  • Understanding its solid-state structure is crucial for structure-activity relationship studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of arcyriaflavin A monohydrate.
  • To investigate the intermolecular interactions governing its self-assembly in the solid state.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
  • Analysis of hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions.

Main Results:

  • The asymmetric unit contains arcyriaflavin A monohydrate (C20H11N3O2·H2O).
  • Molecules form 2D zigzag supramolecular layers parallel to the (102) plane via hydrogen bonding.
  • Close packing of layers is achieved through π-π stacking and interlayer hydrogen bonds involving water molecules.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure reveals a detailed mechanism of self-assembly for arcyriaflavin A monohydrate.
  • Hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking are key interactions driving the formation of extended supramolecular architectures.