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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...
Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
Flail Chest-II01:26

Flail Chest-II

Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
08:18

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

Facial fractures.

Safa E Sharabi1, John C Koshy, James F Thornton

  • 1Dallas, Texas From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|February 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Facial skeleton fractures impact appearance and function, often needing surgery. Early rigid fixation in anatomical position restores form and function while minimizing complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Trauma Surgery

Background:

  • Facial skeleton fractures compromise aesthetics and function.
  • Operative intervention is frequently required.
  • Associated injuries (neurologic, ophthalmologic, cervical spine) must be considered.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the management of facial skeleton fractures.
  • To emphasize the importance of early stabilization and anatomical reduction.
  • To highlight the benefits of rigid fixation in restoring function and appearance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of surgical management principles for facial fractures.
  • Emphasis on anatomical reduction and rigid internal fixation.
  • Consideration of concomitant injuries.

Main Results:

  • Early stabilization in anatomical position yields accurate reduction.
  • Rigid fixation optimizes the return of preoperative appearance and function.
  • This approach minimizes long-term soft-tissue contracture.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt surgical intervention with rigid fixation is crucial for optimal outcomes in facial fractures.
  • Anatomical reduction and stable fixation are key to restoring facial form and function.
  • Comprehensive assessment including associated injuries is vital for successful management.