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Related Concept Videos

Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
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Tetanus is a life-threatening neurological disorder characterized by persistent muscle contractions and spastic paralysis. It is caused by Clostridium tetani, a motile, Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobe. These bacteria produce terminal endospores, giving them a distinctive “lollipop” or “tennis-racket” appearance. They thrive in anaerobic environments, such as those found in deep puncture wounds.Once introduced into the body, the spores germinate into vegetative cells. These cells...
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Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
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To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats
07:38

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Published on: May 27, 2021

Tourette syndrome.

T J Murray

    Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien
    |February 3, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Tourette syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics and vocalizations. Dopamine receptor hypersensitivity is implicated, with medications like haloperidol often proving effective for symptom management.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Neuroscience
    • Psychiatry

    Background:

    • Tourette syndrome (Gilles de la Tourette disease) is a neurological disorder.
    • It is characterized by involuntary muscular tics, vocalizations, and compulsive behaviors.
    • Symptoms vary in form and course, with complex patterns evolving over time.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To summarize the key features of Tourette syndrome.
    • To highlight the typical age of onset and symptom presentation.
    • To discuss potential neurobiological underpinnings and pharmacological treatments.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on Tourette syndrome.
    • Analysis of symptom characteristics, including tics and vocalizations.
    • Examination of etiological factors and treatment options.

    Main Results:

    • Onset typically occurs between ages two to 15, most commonly eight to 12.
    • Vocalizations can include sounds, words, profanities, echolalia, echopraxia, and palilalia.
    • Recent research suggests dopamine receptor hypersensitivity as a potential cause.

    Conclusions:

    • Tourette syndrome involves a complex interplay of motor and vocal tics.
    • Pharmacological interventions, particularly haloperidol, are often effective.
    • Other medications like clonidine, pimozide, fluphenazine, and trifluoroperazine may also be beneficial.