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Dual vs. single encoding in recognition memory as a function of lag, delay, and availability of semantic information
Memory & Cognition
|February 3, 2011
Summary
This study investigated temporal tagging and sense tagging in memory. Findings suggest current theories may not fully explain how context and semantic cues impact word recognition over time.
Area of Science:
- Cognitive Psychology
- Memory Research
- Experimental Psychology
Background:
- Dual encoding theory suggests repeated word presentation aids memory.
- Winograd and Raines (1972) proposed temporal tagging explains memory for words presented at long lags.
- Sense tagging theories posit that encoding semantic information improves recall.
Purpose of the Study:
- To test Winograd and Raines' temporal tagging hypothesis regarding dual encoding at long lags.
- To examine if temporal tags diminish in effectiveness over time.
- To evaluate the role of semantic sense information in recognition memory.
Main Methods:
- Words were presented once or twice in consistent or varied contexts (low/high frequency).
- Presentation lags of 0 and 15 were used.
- Recognition tests were administered immediately and after a 1-week delay, with or without semantic cues.
Main Results:
- All experimental manipulations affected recognition performance.
- Results did not align with the predictions of temporal tagging or sense tagging theories.
- The effectiveness of temporal tags appeared to be influenced by context and delay.
Conclusions:
- The findings challenge the sufficiency of current temporal and sense tagging models.
- Memory performance is influenced by a complex interplay of encoding context, temporal factors, and semantic information.
- Further research is needed to refine theories of recognition memory.
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