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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
07:27

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: August 25, 2014

Diffusion tensor imaging and olfactory identification testing in early-stage Parkinson's disease.

Tyler M Rolheiser1, Heather G Fulton, Kimberley P Good

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.

Journal of Neurology
|February 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory impairment and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the olfactory region and substantia nigra can help identify early Parkinson's disease. This combination may detect pre-motor Parkinson's, years before motor symptoms appear.

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10:42

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Published on: July 28, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Radiology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Parkinson's disease (PD) has a prodromal stage years before diagnosis.
  • Olfactory impairment is a common early sign of PD.
  • Diffusion imaging may show changes in olfactory and substantia nigra regions in early PD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate olfactory function and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease patients.
  • To assess if combined olfactory and DTI testing can identify early PD markers.

Main Methods:

  • Compared 14 early-stage PD patients (Hoehn & Yahr stage 1-2) with matched controls.
  • Utilized the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test for olfactory assessment.
  • Performed DTI MRI scans of the olfactory tract and substantia nigra.

Main Results:

  • PD patients showed significant olfactory impairment.
  • DTI revealed significant differences in the substantia nigra and anterior olfactory regions between groups.
  • Fractional anisotropy in the olfactory region distinguished PD subjects from controls.

Conclusions:

  • Combining olfactory testing and DTI may be valuable for early Parkinson's disease detection.
  • This approach could potentially identify pre-motor Parkinson's disease, preceding motor symptom onset.