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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4⁺FOXP3⁺ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4⁺ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

Published on: December 30, 2016

Analysis of human FOXP3+ Treg cells phenotype and function.

Eva d'Hennezel¹, Ciriaco A Piccirillo

¹Center for the Study of Host Resistance, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|February 3, 2011

Summary

This study introduces a novel single-cell method to distinguish regulatory T (T(Reg)) cells from other activated T cells. This approach reveals functional diversity within human T(Reg) cell populations.

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In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

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Published on: December 30, 2016

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

Naturally occurring regulatory T (nT(Reg)) cells are crucial for maintaining immunological self-tolerance.
Analyzing nT(Reg) cell function in bulk peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) presents challenges due to difficulties in distinguishing them from other activated CD4(+) T cells during inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel multiparametric, single-cell strategy to accurately discriminate bona fide T(Reg) cells from activated T effector (T(Eff)) cells.
To enable a detailed comparison of the phenotype and function of T(Reg) cells and T(Eff) cells at the single-cell level.
To uncover the functional heterogeneity within the human CD4(+)FOXP3(+) T(Reg) cell population.

Main Methods:

Developed a single-cell strategy involving the isolation and expansion of individual CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells into clones.
Utilized multiparametric analysis to differentiate between true T(Reg) cells and activated FOXP3(+) T(Eff) cells.
Compared the phenotype and function of these distinct cell populations at the single-cell level.

Main Results:

Successfully discriminated between bona fide T(Reg) cells and activated FOXP3(+) T(Eff) cells, overcoming limitations of bulk assays.
Enabled single-cell level comparison of phenotype and function.
Uncovered significant functional heterogeneity within the CD4(+)FOXP3(+) T(Reg) cell population in human PBMCs.

Conclusions:

The novel single-cell approach provides a more accurate method for analyzing T(Reg) cell function.
This strategy is essential for resolving discrepancies in T(Reg) cell analysis, particularly in inflammatory conditions.
The findings highlight the functional diversity of T(Reg) cells, crucial for understanding immunological self-tolerance.