Pulmonary sarcoidosis in an HIV/human T-cell lymphotrophic viruses I/II coinfected patient

Coexistence of HIV, pulmonary sarcoidosis, and human T-cell lymphotrophic viruses (HTLV) I/II has not been well reported and studied. Although the exact etiology of sarcoidosis is unknown, immunologic abnormalities have been the focus of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related sarcoidosis and it is thought to be a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. We report the case of an African American woman with HIV and HTLV I/II coinfection who developed pulmonary sarcoidosis several months after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Despite the fact that most common etiologies of pulmonary nodules in HIV patients include mycobacterial and fungal infections, sarcoidosis should be considered in differential diagnosis. This disease may continuously rise due to the increasing number of people who are receiving antiretroviral therapy, leading to an improved immune system.