Effects of electrical cutaneous stimulation of hallux on walking patterns in adults

Single-shock electrical stimulation of the big toe results in a 20 ms advancement of the walking cycle, lasting for 1-2 strides, when the shock is applied in early swing. During stance there is a retardation of the cycle but of similar magnitude. However unlike the complex responses reported for electrical stimulation of the sole of the foot, toe stimulation is best described as a simple withdrawal response.