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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
Published on: October 16, 2013
The effects of neuropeptide S on general anesthesia in rats
Tetsuya Kushikata1, Hitoshi Yoshida, Mihoko Kudo
1Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
Background:
Neuropeptide S (NPS) and its receptor (NPSR) is a novel neuropeptide system that regulates arousal and anxiety. A link between natural sleep and general anesthesia has been suggested. Therefore, we hypothesized that the NPS neuronal system may also modulate general anesthesia.
Methods:
The effects of intracerebroventricular NPS and [D-Cys(tBu)(5)]NPS, a peptide NPSR antagonist, on ketamine and thiopental anesthesia time were measured in rats. Anesthesia time was defined as the interval between the loss of righting reflex and its recovery.
Results:
Intracerebroventricular NPS 1 to 30 nmol significantly reduced ketamine anesthesia time, showing a bell-shaped dose-response curve. [D-Cys(tBu)(5)]NPS 20 nmol antagonized NPS 1 nmol effects and was per se able to increase ketamine anesthesia time. Similar results were obtained investigating thiopental anesthesia time that was significantly reduced by NPS and prolonged by [D-Cys(tBu)(5)]NPS.
Conclusion:
NPS via selective NPSR activation stimulates the wakefulness-promoting pathway, thus reducing anesthesia duration. The endogenous NPS/NPSR system seems to tonically control these pathways.
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