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Related Concept Videos

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
Heart Sounds01:15

Heart Sounds

Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V) valves at the...
Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a valvular heart disorder in which the mitral valve fails to close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward into the heart. Understanding the clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and medical management of MR is crucial to effectively managing affected patients.Clinical Manifestations of Mitral RegurgitationMitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, each presenting differently and requiring different approaches:1. Acute Mitral...
Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation01:25

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation

Cardiac auscultation is a clinical skill used to assess heart function and detect abnormalities. It involves listening to heart sounds at specific anatomical locations through a stethoscope.
Normal Heart Sounds
S1 (First Heart Sound)-
S1 is made by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular valves), marking the beginning of systole.
S2 (Second Heart Sound)-
S2 is made by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves), marking the end of the systole.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
04:48

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery

Published on: November 28, 2018

Cardiac murmurs in childhood.

D Kavanagh-Gray

    Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien
    |February 4, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    Clinical skills can differentiate innocent heart murmurs from organic ones. This guide details distinguishing features to avoid unnecessary medical referrals and patient concern.

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Pediatric Cardiology

    Background:

    • Distinguishing innocent heart murmurs from pathological organic murmurs is crucial in clinical practice.
    • Misdiagnosis can lead to unnecessary patient anxiety and referrals.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline clinical methods for differentiating innocent heart murmurs from various organic murmurs.
    • To provide clinicians with tools for accurate diagnosis using only clinical skills.

    Main Methods:

    • Differentiation based on the behavior of the second heart sound.
    • Assessment of murmur length, radiation, and response to specific maneuvers.
    • Utilizing blood pressure recordings for specific murmur types.

    Main Results:

    • Pulmonary flow murmurs distinguished from atrial septal defect/pulmonary stenosis by second heart sound.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

    Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
    04:48

    Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery

    Published on: November 28, 2018

  • Parasternal vibratory murmurs differentiated from ventricular septal defect.
  • Venous hums identified and separated from patent ductus arteriosus.
  • Supraclavicular murmurs distinguished from carotid bruit, aortic stenosis, and coarctation.

    • Conclusions:

    • Clinical skills are sufficient for identifying innocent heart murmurs.
    • Accurate differentiation obviates unnecessary patient concern and referrals.
    • A systematic approach using auscultation and simple maneuvers aids diagnosis.