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Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Schwarzschild Radius and Event Horizon01:21

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No object with a finite mass can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. This fact has an interesting consequence in the domain of extremely high gravitational fields.
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Primary Active Transport01:47

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Primary Active Transport01:29

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Related Experiment Video

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Primary thermosensory events in cells.

Ilya Digel1

  • 1Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Juelich, Germany. digel@fh-aachen.de

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|February 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Temperature sensing is crucial for life, with biological molecules like nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins detecting thermal changes. This review explores the molecular mechanisms and processes underlying thermosensation.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Temperature sensing is vital for organism survival and is an ancient sensory process.
  • Thermal gradients influence cellular physiology, affecting biological macromolecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review common features of temperature-sensing molecules.
  • To explore molecular and biological processes in thermosensation.
  • To overview molecular mechanisms of temperature sensation.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical approaches
  • Structural analysis
  • Thermodynamic studies

Main Results:

  • Biological macromolecules (nucleic acids, lipids, proteins) are targets of temperature stimuli.

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  • Common features of diverse temperature-sensing molecules are identified.
  • Molecular mechanisms underlying thermosensation are elucidated.

    • Conclusions:

    • Thermosensation involves diverse molecular targets and processes.
    • Biochemical, structural, and thermodynamic methods provide insights into temperature sensing.
    • Understanding thermosensation is key to comprehending cellular survival.