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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...

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Human Pseudoislet System for Synchronous Assessment of Fluorescent Biosensor Dynamics and Hormone Secretory Profiles
08:04

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Published on: November 3, 2023

TRP channels of islets.

Md Shahidul Islam1

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden. shahidul.islam@ki.se

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|February 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pancreatic beta cells are highly excitable and can be activated by various stimuli. Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels play a key role in regulating beta cell function and insulin secretion.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular physiology
  • Molecular biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Human pancreatic beta cells exist in a 'READY' state, poised for activation.
  • This excitability is due to high input resistance, allowing small depolarizing currents to trigger function.
  • Various chemical and physical stimuli can activate these cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels in human beta cell activation.
  • To identify specific TRP channels involved in mediating depolarizing currents.
  • To understand the contribution of TRP channels to insulin secretion and beta cell function.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of TRP channel subtypes (TRPM4, TRPM2, TRPM5, TRPC1, TRPC4, TRPM3, TRPV2, TRPV4) in pancreatic beta cells.
  • Analysis of channel function in response to various stimuli, including heat and hydrogen peroxide.
  • Assessment of insulin secretion in mouse models with TRPM5 channel knockout.

Main Results:

  • TRPM4 and TRPM2 channels identified as key players in beta cell activation.
  • TRPM2 channels sense heat generated by glucose metabolism.
  • TRPM5 channel knockout impairs insulin secretion in mice, highlighting its role.

Conclusions:

  • TRP channels are crucial regulators of human beta cell excitability and insulin secretion.
  • Specific TRP channels like TRPM2 and TRPM5 are vital for normal beta cell function.
  • Further research into TRP channel regulation is needed to understand islet failure.