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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...
MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

RNA-seq Analysis of Transcriptomes in Thrombin-treated and Control Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells
18:30

RNA-seq Analysis of Transcriptomes in Thrombin-treated and Control Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells

Published on: February 13, 2013

p38 MAPK controls prothrombin expression by regulated RNA 3' end processing.

Sven Danckwardt1, Anne-Susan Gantzert, Stephan Macher-Goeppinger

  • 1Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Molecular Cell
|February 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stress and inflammation regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. This involves p38 MAPK activating proteins that control mRNA processing, impacting blood coagulation and tumor invasion.

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Exploring Sequence Space to Identify Binding Sites for Regulatory RNA-Binding Proteins
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Published on: August 9, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

RNA-seq Analysis of Transcriptomes in Thrombin-treated and Control Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells
18:30

RNA-seq Analysis of Transcriptomes in Thrombin-treated and Control Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells

Published on: February 13, 2013

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro
09:16

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro

Published on: May 3, 2014

Exploring Sequence Space to Identify Binding Sites for Regulatory RNA-Binding Proteins
11:34

Exploring Sequence Space to Identify Binding Sites for Regulatory RNA-Binding Proteins

Published on: August 9, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Thrombin is a critical protease in coagulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis.
  • Mechanisms controlling prothrombin expression were previously unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the post-transcriptional regulation of prothrombin expression.
  • To investigate the role of p38 MAPK in this process.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of mRNA 3' end processing.
  • Western blotting to detect protein phosphorylation.
  • In vivo studies in disease models.

Main Results:

  • Prothrombin expression is regulated by a stress- and inflammation-responsive post-transcriptional mechanism.
  • p38 MAPK activation leads to phosphorylation of FBP2 and FBP3.
  • Phosphorylated FBP2/FBP3 release the upstream sequence element (USE) in 3'UTRs, enabling 3' end processing.

Conclusions:

  • Regulated 3' end processing is a key gene regulation mechanism.
  • This pathway is implicated in inflammatory hypercoagulation and tumor invasion.
  • Discoveries offer insights into broad biological and medical implications.