Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in two Saudi families

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Infectious Diseases
• Epidemiology

Background:

• Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) is a retrovirus causing acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), primarily endemic to West Africa.
• The geographical distribution of HIV-2 has historically been limited, making its identification outside endemic regions significant.

Observation:

• Two Saudi families presented with HIV-2 infection and AIDS, with deceased male index cases.
• Wives and a daughter in these families were diagnosed with HIV-2 and received antiretroviral therapy.
• Initial HIV viral load assays were undetectable, necessitating further testing to confirm HIV-2 presence.

Findings:

• Confirmed cases of HIV-2 infection and AIDS in Saudi Arabia, challenging the established geographical limitations of the virus.
• Successful management of HIV-2 infection with antiretroviral therapy in female family members and a daughter.
• Diagnostic challenges due to initially undetectable viral loads, highlighting the need for specific HIV-2 testing.

Implications:

• The findings underscore the importance of considering HIV-2 in differential diagnoses, even outside of West Africa.
• Highlights the need for enhanced surveillance and diagnostic protocols for HIV-2 globally.
• Emphasizes the critical role of timely diagnosis and appropriate antiretroviral therapy for managing HIV-2 infection and improving patient outcomes, particularly in pregnant women.