Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through collapsed...

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...

Mechanical Ventilation I: Indication and Settings

Mechanical Ventilation I: Indication and Settings

Mechanical ventilation is a life-saving technique for managing acute respiratory failure and other respiratory complications. The process involves using a machine known as a ventilator to supply oxygen to the lungs and assist in removing carbon dioxide. It serves as a bridge to long-term mechanical ventilation or a temporary measure until ventilatory support is discontinued. The ventilator can maintain this function for a prolonged period, providing critical support for patients until they can...

Mechanical Ventilation II: Invasive Ventilation

Mechanical Ventilation II: Invasive Ventilation

Ventilators are essential medical equipment used to aid patients with respiratory difficulties. Their primary function is to assist or replace spontaneous breathing by providing mechanical ventilation. There are two general classes of mechanical ventilators: negative-pressure and positive-pressure ventilators.
Negative-Pressure Ventilators
Negative-pressure ventilators create a vacuum around the chest or body to draw air into the lungs, simulating breathing. This method does not require an...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

ATF3 protects pulmonary resident cells from acute and ventilator-induced lung injury by preventing Nrf2 degradation.

Antioxidants & redox signaling·2014

Same author

Injurious mechanical ventilation causes kidney apoptosis and dysfunction during sepsis but not after intra-tracheal acid instillation: an experimental study.

BMC nephrology·2014

Same author

Lung protection during non-invasive synchronized assist versus volume control in rabbits.

Critical care (London, England)·2014

Same author

Network analysis of transcriptional responses induced by mesenchymal stem cell treatment of experimental sepsis.

The American journal of pathology·2012

Same author

Microarray meta-analysis identifies acute lung injury biomarkers in donor lungs that predict development of primary graft failure in recipients.

PloS one·2012

Same author

Effects of anesthetic regimes on inflammatory responses in a rat model of acute lung injury.

Intensive care medicine·2012

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Measuring Diaphragm Thickness and Function Using Point-of-Care Ultrasound

Measuring Diaphragm Thickness and Function Using Point-of-Care Ultrasound

Published on: November 3, 2023

Diaphragmatic dysfunction in mechanical ventilation.

Jack J Haitsma¹

¹St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. jack.haitsma@gmail.com

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology

|February 5, 2011

Summary

Prolonged mechanical ventilation causes diaphragm dysfunction, leading to muscle atrophy and reduced force. This condition complicates weaning patients and necessitates further research into patient-ventilator synchrony.

More Related Videos

Diaphragmatic Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition and Interpretation

Diaphragmatic Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition and Interpretation

Published on: January 31, 2025

3D Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Respiratory Motion in Mechanically Ventilated Mice and Rats

3D Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Respiratory Motion in Mechanically Ventilated Mice and Rats

Published on: September 19, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Measuring Diaphragm Thickness and Function Using Point-of-Care Ultrasound

Measuring Diaphragm Thickness and Function Using Point-of-Care Ultrasound

Published on: November 3, 2023

Diaphragmatic Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition and Interpretation

Diaphragmatic Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition and Interpretation

Published on: January 31, 2025

3D Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Respiratory Motion in Mechanically Ventilated Mice and Rats

3D Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Respiratory Motion in Mechanically Ventilated Mice and Rats

Published on: September 19, 2025

Area of Science:

Critical Care Medicine
Respiratory Physiology
Muscle Biology

Background:

Prolonged mechanical ventilation is a critical intervention for respiratory failure.
Ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD) is a recognized complication.
Understanding VIDD is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent findings on ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction.
To discuss current data on diaphragm dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients.

Main Methods:

Review of recent experimental and clinical studies.
Analysis of data on diaphragm dysfunction in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation.

Main Results:

Recent studies confirm diaphragm dysfunction in patients.
Prolonged ventilation activates atrophy pathways, causing muscle proteolysis and reduced myofiber content.
Diaphragm force loss is time-dependent, though other contributing factors require further elucidation.

Conclusions:

Diaphragm dysfunction is prevalent in ventilated patients, particularly with controlled ventilation modes.
Duration of mechanical ventilation is a significant risk factor for weaning difficulties.
Future research should explore patient-ventilator synchrony to mitigate VIDD and improve weaning success.