Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Influencing Factors01:20

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Influencing Factors

Modified-release drug delivery systems are designed to optimize the therapeutic effect of drugs by minimizing side effects, reducing the dosage required, and controlling drug release to align with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic needs. The system depends on two key factors: the drug's release from the formulation and its movement through the body to the target site. Unlike conventional dosage forms, where absorption is the limiting step, the rate of drug release is the key determinant in...
Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Physicochemical Parameters01:22

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Physicochemical Parameters

The physicochemical characteristics of drugs play a crucial role in formulating stable and bioavailable drug products. The solubility of a drug, governed by the varying pH along the GI tract and its dissociation constant (pKa), is pivotal in determining its ionization state and absorption rate. Notably, weak acids and bases remain unionized and are absorbed more rapidly.
Enhanced drug absorption can be achieved by reducing particle sizes and increasing surface areas, thereby facilitating...
Introduction to force01:25

Introduction to force

Consider water flowing from a nozzle to a turbine vane. As the water hits the turbine vane, it exerts a force that causes it to move along the flow of direction. Force is an impact that changes an object's motion, shape, or orientation. Forces can be caused by physical contact, such as a push or pull, or through non-contact interactions, such as magnetic or gravitational forces. Force is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction, and is measured in newtons (N) in the SI unit system.
Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Physiological Barriers01:23

Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Physiological Barriers

Drug distribution in the body is intricately regulated by various physiological barriers that control the passage of substances. These include the capillary endothelial barrier, the blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid, blood-placental, and blood-testis barriers.
The capillary endothelial barrier allows only smaller molecules below 600 Da (Daltons) to pass through. It also restricts drugs like heparin that are bound to blood components, limiting their movement within the bloodstream.
The...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Intraoperative intorsional traction test of the inferior oblique.

Eye (London, England)·2017
Same author

Globe size and bevacizumab treatment in retinopathy of prematurity: should we adjust the dose?

Eye (London, England)·2016
Same author

Response to 'Comment on Topiramate maculopathy secondary to dose titration: first reported case'.

Eye (London, England)·2015
Same author

Topiramate maculopathy secondary to dose titration: first reported case.

Eye (London, England)·2015
Same author

The incidence of serious complications associated with intravitreal therapy in a quaternary ARMD service (2008-2014).

Eye (London, England)·2014
Same author

Glaucoma prescribing trends in England 2000 to 2012.

Eye (London, England)·2014

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

The Quantification of Injectability by Mechanical Testing
04:46

The Quantification of Injectability by Mechanical Testing

Published on: May 13, 2020

Force requirements in topical medicine use--the squeezability factor.

A J Connor1, P S Severn

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, James Cook University Hospital, Cleveland, UK. dralanconnor@hotmail.com

Eye (London, England)
|February 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Ophthalmic drop bottles vary significantly in the force needed for administration. Some patient compliance aids may increase the required force but could offer other benefits for using eye drops.

More Related Videos

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
11:07

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

Published on: November 24, 2021

Real-Time Force Measurement Between Emulsion Droplets During Enzymatic Breakdown
04:56

Real-Time Force Measurement Between Emulsion Droplets During Enzymatic Breakdown

Published on: June 27, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

The Quantification of Injectability by Mechanical Testing
04:46

The Quantification of Injectability by Mechanical Testing

Published on: May 13, 2020

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
11:07

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

Published on: November 24, 2021

Real-Time Force Measurement Between Emulsion Droplets During Enzymatic Breakdown
04:56

Real-Time Force Measurement Between Emulsion Droplets During Enzymatic Breakdown

Published on: June 27, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Patient Compliance Studies

Background:

  • Patient compliance is critical for effective treatment, particularly with topical ocular medications.
  • Difficulty in self-administering eye drops, often due to bottle aiming and squeezing issues, affects at least 50% of patients.
  • Ease of topical drop delivery is a key factor in ensuring treatment efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the force required to dispense a single drop from ophthalmic bottles (squeezability).
  • To compare the ease of use across different ophthalmic bottle designs.
  • To evaluate if compliance aids reduce the finger strength needed for eye drop administration.

Main Methods:

  • Measured the force necessary to deliver a single drop from various common ophthalmic preparations.
  • Applied force gradually to the midpoint of the bottle until drop release.
  • Tested the efficacy of compliance aids using the same force measurement technique.

Main Results:

  • Significant variability was observed in the force required to dispense drops from different ophthalmic preparations.
  • Three out of four tested compliance aids increased the force needed for drop delivery.
  • Compliance aids might offer other advantages, such as improving grip on the bottle.

Conclusions:

  • There is a wide range in the force required to use topical ophthalmic medications and associated compliance aids.
  • Findings are relevant for prescribing physicians and manufacturers of ophthalmic preparations and devices.
  • Understanding bottle design and force requirements is crucial for improving patient adherence to eye drop therapy.