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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Goiter

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Plasmacytoma in the thyroid.

Emad H Kandil¹, Mohamed S Abdel Khalek, Haytham H Alabbas

¹Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.

The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society : Official Organ of the Louisiana State Medical Society

|February 8, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A rare case of plasmacytoma, a plasma cell tumor, was unexpectedly discovered within a goiter. This finding suggests plasmacytoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of diffuse thyromegaly.

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Endocrinology
Pathology

Background:

Plasmacytoma is a rare plasma cell neoplasm.
Goiter, or thyromegaly, is an enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Differentiating benign from malignant thyroid conditions is crucial for patient management.

Observation:

A patient presented with compressive symptoms (dyspnea, dysphagia) due to diffuse thyromegaly.
Imaging revealed homogenous enlargement of both thyroid lobes extending into the mediastinum.
No prior history of multiple myeloma was documented.

Findings:

Pathological examination of the thyroid revealed massive infiltration by plasma cells.
Fibrosis surrounding small nodules of residual follicles was noted.
The final diagnosis was plasmacytoma of the thyroid.

Implications:

This case expands the known clinical presentations of plasmacytoma.
Plasmacytoma should be included in the differential diagnosis for diffuse thyromegaly.
Early recognition and diagnosis are essential for appropriate treatment of thyroid plasmacytoma.