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Related Concept Videos

Asthma I: Introduction01:28

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...
Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management01:20

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.
Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification01:26

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:
Asthma-I: Introduction01:29

Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications01:24

Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications

Asthma, a common chronic respiratory condition, is classified considering the frequency and severity of symptoms alongside lung function impairment. Understanding this classification is essential for appropriate treatment and management. Here's a detailed look at the classification of asthma and its clinical features and complications:
Classification of Asthma

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy
10:39

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy

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Th9: a new player in asthma pathogenesis?

Junchao Xing1, Yuzhang Wu, Bing Ni

  • 1Institute of Immunology PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.

The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma
|February 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells, including the newly identified Th9 cells, regulate adaptive immunity. Th9 cells, producing interleukin 9, are increasingly recognized for their significant role in allergies, particularly asthma.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

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Published on: April 16, 2019

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08:58

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Published on: July 10, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Allergy Research

Background:

  • CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells are crucial for adaptive immunity, initially classified as Th1 or Th2.
  • Recent advancements have revealed diverse Th cell subsets, including Th17, induced regulatory T cells, and Th9 cells.
  • Th9 cells, a distinct CD4(+) T cell population, are characterized by high production of interleukin 9 (IL-9).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the heterogeneity and biology of CD4(+) T helper cells.
  • To summarize the known characteristics of interleukin 9 (IL-9) and Th9 cells.
  • To establish a framework for understanding Th9 cell roles in disease, especially allergic asthma.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of CD4(+) T cell differentiation and function.
  • Analysis of cytokine profiles, focusing on interleukin 9 (IL-9).
  • Examination of experimental data on Th9 cell involvement in immune processes.

Main Results:

  • CD4(+) T helper cells exhibit significant heterogeneity beyond initial Th1/Th2 classifications.
  • Th9 cells, identified as a Th2 subpopulation, produce substantial amounts of IL-9.
  • Th9 cells possess unique regulatory functions and are implicated in allergic diseases like asthma.

Conclusions:

  • Th9 cells represent a distinct CD4(+) T cell subset with specialized immune functions.
  • Interleukin 9 and Th9 cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergies, particularly asthma.
  • Further understanding of Th9 cell biology is essential for developing targeted therapies for allergic diseases.