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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as a...
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Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

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Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
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Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
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Catatonia: a narrative review.

Michele Fornaro1

  • 1Department of Neurosciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genova, Ospedale San Martino, Largo R. Benzi n.16, Genoa, Italy. dott.fornaro@gmail.com

Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
|February 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Catatonia and related syndromes involve complex mechanisms influenced by neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin. Effective management requires understanding these biological pathways and diverse treatment options.

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Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats

Published on: May 27, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Catatonic syndromes present complex motor, behavioral, and systemic symptoms with unclear underlying mechanisms.
  • Neurotransmitters such as dopamine (DA), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate (GLU) are implicated in catatonia and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS).
  • Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) plays a crucial role in the development of Serotonin Syndrome (SS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of catatonia and associated clinical pictures.
  • To focus on the general pharmacological management of these complex disorders.
  • To equip clinicians and pharmacologists with updated knowledge on biological mechanisms and treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a narrative review.
  • It synthesizes existing literature on catatonia, NMS, and SS.
  • Focuses on pharmacological interventions and biological underpinnings.

Main Results:

  • Catatonia and associated syndromes exhibit overlapping signs, symptoms, and treatments.
  • Effective management is challenging due to the heterogeneity of clinical presentations.
  • A range of treatments, including non-pharmacological interventions, are available.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the role of neurotransmitters is crucial for diagnosing and managing catatonia and related syndromes.
  • Despite the lack of a single conclusive approach, accurate therapeutic strategies are imperative.
  • Further knowledge of biological mechanisms and pharmacological management is essential for addressing these often-overlooked conditions.