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Production of Organic Acids

Production of Organic Acids

Lactic acid, an important organic acid extensively applied in food, pharmaceutical, and biodegradable polymer industries, is primarily produced via microbial fermentation. This method is favored over chemical synthesis due to its environmental sustainability and capacity for enantiomerically pure product formation. Among various microbial processes, the fermentation of starch-based substrates stands out due to the abundance and renewability of raw materials like corn and potatoes.Hydrolysis of...

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
The citric...

The Citric Acid Cycle

The Citric Acid Cycle

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output

The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the substrates to provide an optimal concentration of NADH and ATP to the cell.
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is regulated in several ways, including feedback inhibition, regulation of enzyme activities, and associated anaplerotic or cataplerotic pathways.
The primary substrate of the TCA cycle—acetyl CoA—is produced by the...

Production of Alcohol

Production of Alcohol

Continuous fermentation is a key strategy in industrial ethanol production, particularly when efficiency, scalability, and high yields are essential. This approach allows for uninterrupted operation and optimized resource utilization. The primary feedstock, corn starch, undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis facilitated by α-amylase and glucoamylase. These enzymes break down the starch into fermentable sugars such as glucose, which are readily assimilated by fermentative microorganisms.Fermentation...

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Design of Solid-State Fermentation Systems for Polymer Hydrolytic Extracellular Enzyme Production by Filamentous Fungi

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Enhanced solid-state citric acid bio-production using apple pomace waste through surface response methodology.

G S Dhillon¹, S K Brar, M Verma

¹INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement inc. (IRDA), Québec City, QC, Canada.

Journal of Applied Microbiology

|February 8, 2011

Summary

Apple pomace and rice husk effectively produce citric acid via solid-state fermentation. Optimized moisture and methanol levels significantly boosted citric acid yield, offering an economical bioprocess.

Keywords:

Aspergillus niger citric acid inducer optimization response surface methodology tray fermentation

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Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Industrial Microbiology
Biochemical Engineering

Background:

Agro-industrial wastes like apple pomace (AP) present disposal challenges.
Citric acid is a high-demand organic acid with diverse industrial applications.
Developing sustainable methods for citric acid production is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess apple pomace (AP) supplemented with rice husk as a substrate for citric acid production.
To optimize solid-state fermentation (SSF) parameters for enhanced citric acid yield by Aspergillus niger NRRL-567.
To evaluate the economic viability and environmental benefits of using agro-industrial waste.

Main Methods:

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) using Aspergillus niger NRRL-567 on AP and rice husk substrate.
Optimization of moisture content and inducer (methanol/ethanol) concentration using response surface methodology (RSM).
Comparison of citric acid production in Erlenmeyer flasks and conventional tray fermentation.

Main Results:

Optimized conditions (75% moisture, 3% methanol) yielded 342.41 g/kg dry substrate of citric acid with 93.90% efficiency in flasks.
Tray fermentation under optimized conditions produced 303.34 g/kg dry substrate with 82.89% efficiency using 3% methanol.
Methanol and moisture content showed a significant positive impact on citric acid production (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Apple pomace is a promising, cost-effective substrate for hyper citric acid production via SSF.
SSF using agro-industrial waste offers economic advantages and environmental benefits.
This approach contributes to sustainable citric acid supply and waste valorization.