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Related Concept Videos

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:11

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren syndrome.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions00:59

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists exert their pharmacological actions by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine on postsynaptic muscarinic receptors to generate parasympathetic responses. These agents elicit a range of physiological responses, including cardiovascular effects. For example, activation of muscarinic receptors induces bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, reduced peripheral resistance, and consequent hypotension. In the eye, stimulation of M3 receptors leads to smooth muscle...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents
10:10

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Published on: February 15, 2022

Carbon monoxide and the eye: Implications for glaucoma therapy.

Claudio Bucolo1, Filippo Drago

  • 1Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Medical School, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. claudio.bucolo@unict.it

Pharmacology & Therapeutics
|February 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Carbon monoxide (CO), once a pollutant, is now recognized as a key signaling molecule. This review explores CO

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) transitioned from pollutant to signaling molecule in the late 1990s, recognized by a Nobel Prize.
  • Carbon monoxide (CO), also historically viewed as a pollutant, similarly emerged as an endogenous signaling molecule.
  • The human body produces CO from hemoglobin decomposition, with heme oxygenase (HO) identified as the enzymatic source.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of carbon monoxide (CO) as a modulator of intraocular pressure.
  • To discuss the potential implications of CO in glaucoma pathogenesis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Pharmacological induction of heme oxygenase (HO) using hemin.
  • Direct administration of carbon monoxide (CO).
  • Utilizing pro-drug strategies to generate endogenous CO.

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Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation
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Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Published on: March 12, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents
10:10

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Published on: February 15, 2022

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation
08:30

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Published on: March 12, 2016

Main Results:

  • Carbon monoxide (CO) has demonstrated diverse biological activities.
  • CO acts as a fine modulator of intraocular pressure.
  • Evidence suggests CO's involvement in physiological and pathological processes within the eye.

Conclusions:

  • Carbon monoxide (CO) is an important endogenous signaling molecule with significant biological functions.
  • CO's role in regulating intraocular pressure highlights its potential therapeutic relevance for glaucoma.
  • Further research into CO's mechanisms may unlock novel glaucoma treatment strategies.