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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
The Central Dogma01:25

The Central Dogma

Overview
The Central Dogma01:20

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Genetic Modification of Cyanobacteria by Conjugation Using the CyanoGate Modular Cloning Toolkit
08:25

Genetic Modification of Cyanobacteria by Conjugation Using the CyanoGate Modular Cloning Toolkit

Published on: October 31, 2019

The dinucleotide CG as a genomic signalling module.

Adrian Bird1

  • 1The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK. a.bird@ed.ac.uk

Journal of Molecular Biology
|February 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The simple CG sequence acts as a genome-wide signaling module. It controls gene expression through distinct chemical states that recruit proteins to either activate or silence genes.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The operon model introduced the concept of proteins controlling gene expression via DNA sequence interaction.
  • Numerous transcription factors recognizing diverse DNA sequence motifs have since been identified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the CG sequence as a short, versatile protein recognition site.
  • To explore how different chemical states of CG influence gene expression control.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on transcription factors and DNA binding proteins.
  • Analysis of the functional roles of non-methylated and methylated CG dinucleotides.

Main Results:

  • The CG sequence is recognized by multiple DNA binding proteins.

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DNA-affinity-purified Chip (DAP-chip) Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems
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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

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High-throughput Identification of Gene Regulatory Sequences Using Next-generation Sequencing of Circular Chromosome Conformation Capture (4C-seq)
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  • Non-methylated CG at promoters recruits enzymes for active transcription marks (H3K4me3).
  • Methylated CG acts as a gene silencing mark, recruiting histone deacetylases.

    • Conclusions:

    • The CG dinucleotide functions as a simple yet powerful genome-wide signaling module.
    • It provides a layer of both positive and negative control over gene expression through epigenetic modifications.