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Related Concept Videos

Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry01:16

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

Eccentric axial loading occurs when an axial load is applied away from the centroidal axis of a structural member. This scenario is common in engineering, where structural elements may not be directly aligned due to various design or functional requirements.
Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings01:11

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
In the case of a member with a variable cross-section, the strain is not constant but depends on the position. The deformation of an...
Normal Strain under Axial Loading01:20

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...
Impact Loading01:19

Impact Loading

Impact loading occurs when a moving object collides with a stationary structure, such as a rod with a uniform cross-sectional area fixed at one end. Under these conditions, the rod absorbs the kinetic energy from the striking object, leading to deformation and subsequent stress development. As the rod returns to its original position and reaches maximum stress, the absorbed energy, initially manifested as kinetic energy, transforms entirely into strain energy.
In cases of elastic deformation,...

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Mouse Lumbar Vertebra Uniaxial Compression Testing with Embedding of the Loading Surface
07:52

Mouse Lumbar Vertebra Uniaxial Compression Testing with Embedding of the Loading Surface

Published on: December 1, 2023

Damage accumulation in vertebral trabecular bone depends on loading mode and direction.

Uwe Wolfram1, Hans-Joachim Wilke, Philippe K Zysset

  • 1Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 14, D - 89081 Ulm, Germany. uwe.wolfram@uni-ulm.de

Journal of Biomechanics
|February 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Osteoporotic vertebral fractures result from accumulated damage, not just trauma. This study reveals how damage and strain in vertebrae vary with loading direction and mode, crucial for understanding fracture risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Osteoporotic vertebral fractures are a significant health issue in aging populations.
  • Over 50% of vertebral fractures are not linked to a specific traumatic event, suggesting underlying damage accumulation.
  • Understanding damage accumulation and residual strains is key to comprehending vertebral fracture mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the accumulation of damage and residual strains in human vertebrae under different loading conditions.
  • To determine the influence of loading mode (compression, tension, torsion) and direction on vertebral bone behavior.
  • To provide experimental insights into the anisotropic nature of damage and strain in vertebral trabecular bone.

Main Methods:

  • 251 human vertebral samples (T1-L3) from 104 donors were mechanically tested.
  • Specimens were subjected to compression, tension, or torsion under controlled loading steps and strain rates.
  • Stress-strain curves were analyzed to quantify accumulated damage and residual strains.

Main Results:

  • Damage accumulation varied significantly across loading modes, reaching up to 86% in compression and torsion, and 76% in tension.
  • Residual strains also varied, with torsion showing the highest accumulation (0 to 0.026 rad/rad).
  • Transverse loading resulted in significantly less damage compared to axial loading, indicating anisotropic damage behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Vertebral trabecular bone exhibits anisotropic damage accumulation, with less damage occurring in transverse directions.
  • Damage and residual strain evolution differ based on the loading mode and direction.
  • These findings enhance the understanding of vertebral fracture mechanisms and risk factors in vivo.